Oil and chemical spill response countermeasures refer to the strategies, equipment and materials that can be applied to a release on land or water to control and mitigate its effects. Various methods are available including mechanical means (booms, skimmers, pumps and sorbents), chemical options (dispersants, herders, beach cleaners and neutralizers) and in situ burning. The tactic selected will depend on many factors including the type of substance spilled, the receiving environment, ambient conditions, heath and safety issues, and practical considerations.